The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Infections of the urinary tract (UTIs) are the second most common type of infection in the body. You may have a UTI if you notice

• Pain or burning when you use the bathroom
• Fever, tiredness or shakiness
• An urge to use the bathroom often
• Pressure in your lower belly
• Urine that smells bad or looks cloudy or reddish
• Less frequently, nausea or back pain

If you think you have a UTI, it is important to see your doctor. Your doctor can tell if you have a UTI by testing a sample of your urine. Treatment with medicines to kill the infection will make it better, often in one or two days.

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Sometimes treating diseases of the digestive or urinary systems involves removing all or part of your small intestine, colon, rectum or bladder. In these cases, there must be a new way for wastes to leave the body. The surgery to create the new opening in the abdomen is called ostomy. The opening is called a stoma.

There are many different types of ostomy. Some examples are

• Ileostomy: The surgeon removes the colon and rectum and attaches the bottom of the small intestine (ileum) to the stoma.
• Colostomy: The surgeon removes the rectum and attaches the colon to the stoma.
• Urostomy: The surgeon attaches the ureters - the tubes that carry urine to the bladder - to either the small intestine or to the abdominal wall.

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Women tend to get urinary tract infections more often than men because bacteria can reach the bladder more easily in women. The urethra is shorter in women than in men, so bacteria have a shorter distance to travel.

The urethra is also located near the rectum in women. Bacteria from the rectum can easily travel up the urethra and cause infections.

Having sex may also cause urinary tract infections in women because bacteria can be pushed into the urethra. Using a diaphragm can lead to infections because diaphragms push against the urethra and make it harder to completely empty the bladder. The urine that stays in the bladder is more likely to grow bacteria and cause infections.

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You have two kidneys. They are fist-sized organs on either side of your backbone above your waist. The tubes inside filter and clean your blood, taking out waste products and making urine. Kidney cancer forms in the lining of tiny tubes inside your kidneys. It happens most often in people over 40. Risk factors include smoking, having certain genetic conditions and misusing pain medicines for a long time.

Often, kidney cancer doesn’t have early symptoms. However, see your health care provider if you notice

• Blood in your urine
• A lump in your abdomen
• Unexplained weight loss
• Pain in your side
• Loss of appetite

Treatment depends on your age, your overall health and how advanced the cancer is. It might include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or biologic therapy. Biologic therapy boosts your body’s own ability to fight cancer.

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The human body cannot survive for more than a very few minutes in an environment that lacks oxygen. Oxygen is required for the normal functioning of all living body cells. This vital gas reaches the body cells via the bloodstream; each red blood cell transports oxygen molecules to the body tissues. The oxygen comes from the atmosphere one breathes, and it enters the bloodstream through the very thin membrane walls of the lung tissue, a fresh supply of oxygen entering the bloodstream each time a person inhales. As the red blood cells circulating through the walls of the lung tissue pick up their fresh supply of oxygen, they release molecules of carbon dioxide given off by the body cells as a waste product of metabolism. When a person exhales, the lungs are squeezed somewhat like a bellows, and the carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs.

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This information sheet has been produced by the Health and Safety in Catering Industry Liaison Committee consisting of trade and professional associations, unions and enforcement authorities. It is intended that it will be reproduced through member associations and other avenues to reach catering establishments.

Sheet uses analysis of accidents reported to HSE and local authorities and HSE investigations to point employers, employees and inspectors to the situations and equipment in catering activities to concentrate on. Past experience shows that these give the most significant risks in catering in practice. These situations in particular should be carefully assessed to ensure appropriate precautions are, and remain, in place.

The analysis was confined to injuries reported while the person was engaged in catering activities, ie preparation of meals etc. It therefore excludes other activities that can take place in establishments where catering is done, but it captures catering activities in premises where the main activity is other than meal preparation.

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Mumps is a disease caused by a virus that usually spreads through saliva and can infect many parts of the body, especially the parotid salivary glands. These glands, which produce saliva for the mouth, are found toward the back of each cheek, in the area between the ear and jaw. In cases of mumps, these glands typically swell and become painful.

The disease has been recognized for several centuries, and medical historians argue over whether the name “mumps” comes from an old word for “lump” or an old word for “mumble.”

Mumps was common until the mumps vaccine was licensed in 1967. Before the vaccine, more than 200,000 cases occurred each year in the United States. Since then the number of cases has dropped to fewer than 1,000 a year, and epidemics have become fairly rare. As in the pre-vaccine era, most cases of mumps are still in kids ages 5 to 14, but the proportion of young adults who become infected has been rising slowly over the last two decades. Mumps infections are uncommon in kids younger than 1 year old.

After a case of mumps it is very unusual to have a second bout because one attack of mumps almost always gives lifelong protection against another. However, other infections can also cause swelling in the salivary glands, which might lead a parent to mistakenly think a child has had mumps more than once.

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Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in western civilization. It affects more women than men, and the clinical course generally lasts approximately five years.  The younger the individual is at the onset of the disease, the more severe the deficits for the patient.  One famous contemporary who suffers from the disease is former U.S. President Ronald Reagan.

The cerebral cortex and some other forebrain regions atrophy so severely that the brain may weigh less than 1000g at death. Shrinkage is most pronounced in the frontal and temporal lobes.  The insula and the medial part of the temporal lobe tend to demonstrate the highest  number of neuritic plaques.  The greater the number of plaques the higher the degree of dementia.  The disease often causes vacuolization of the subpial layers of the temporal and parietal lobes.  The spongy state is associated with neuronal loss and is similar to the effects of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Researchers continue to search for causes and cures for AD.  The gene that codes for the B-amyloid protein located on chromosome 21 is implicated in the 20% of  patients for whom there is a family history of AD.  Head injury has been implicated in 3 to 5 % of AD cases.  There is a 70 to 90% decrease in the production of the enzyme that makes acetylcholine.  Other neurotransmitter abnormalities have also been implicated.

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Almost all eye itching is caused by some sort of allergy. Very often, mild itching can be helped with over-the-counter lubricating eye drops. I’d avoid the ones that take away redness (decongestants), as they can be addictive. You can also use cold compresses or ice packs to help with itchy eyes.

More severe itching may need extra help, such as oral antihistamines or prescription eye drops. Although itchy eyes are not an emergency, you still may need to consult your eye doctor for advice or a prescription.

If your eyelids are red and inflamed, you could have blepharitis. Make sure you visit your eye doctor to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.

Quick Tip: Try to avoid rubbing your eyes! Rubbing releases chemicals called histamines that actually make the itching worse.

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About one-third of Americans sleep 6.5 hours or less a night, according to the National Sleep Foundation. While these Americans may be putting their health at risk, people shouldn’t spend all of their time sleeping, either; research shows that sleeping more than nine hours may also have deleterious effects, although the reasons for this are less clear.

I think there are two or three things that may be important. Short-term studies show that with sleep deprivation, the sympathatic nervous system becomes activated. As a result, your blood vessels constrict and your blood pressure tends to go up. And we think that may play a role in heart disease. Sleep deprivation probably also affects the regulation of blood sugar. If you’re sleep deprived, it requires more insulin to keep your blood sugar where it should be than it does if you’re not sleep deprived.

There have been at least three major studies of huge groups of people to look at the relationship between sleep duration and some of these outcomes, and they’ve all shown that if you sleep too long, you tend to get adverse outcomes. In some cases, the outcome was heart disease.

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The Swine flu is on everyone’s mind these days and if you are unfortunate to catch the swine flu there are few things you can do to treat it and keep from spreading it. This of course depends on the severity of the case of the flu get as well. First off there is a vaccine now to prevent the swine flu. Right now there is a bit of controversy with the swine flu vaccine so it’s up to you decide if you want it or not.

During the mid-20th century, identification of influenza subtypes became possible, allowing accurate diagnosis of transmission to humans. Since then, only 50 such transmissions have been confirmed. These strains of swine flu rarely pass from human to human.

Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always lead to human influenza, often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood. If transmission does cause human influenza, it is called zoonotic swine flu.

Source

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No specific medical treatment is usually required for chicken pox. Painkillers (ibuprofen, paracetamol) can help to reduce pain and fever. Calamine lotion is also commonly used for local application to reduce itching. Over the counter treatments like antihistamines may be used for the relief of severe itching. Some of these cause drowsiness and may help the patient sleep at night.  Frequent baths may also help ease itching. Finely ground oatmeal or baking soda may be added to the bath water to soothe the skin. Avoid tepid sponging.

Antiviral drugs may occasionally be prescribed for people who have a high risk of complications from chicken pox. These reduce the duration of the infection and minimize the risk of complications.

If your child has chicken pox they should stay away from school until the last blister has crusted over. He or she should also avoid contact with others who might be at a high risk of infection, such as newborn babies and people with a weak immune system.

Source

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Following are some of the effective home remedies for chicken pox:

1. Pure honey smeared on the scabs helps in clearing up scars.
2. Another way to clear scars quickly is to apply Vitamin E oil on the affected areas.
3. Prepare a mixture by adding ½ tspn of Baking soda in 1 glass of water. Sponge the person with this. When soda dries on the skin it controls the itchiness and irritation.
4. Boil two cups of oatmeal in two liters of water for fifteen minutes. This mixture is then put into a cloth bag, preferably cotton, and a string is tied tightly around the top. This bag is allowed to float in a tub of warm water, and swished around until the water becomes turbid. Precaution should be taken to ensure that the bag is not torn. It is an effective natural remedy for relieving the itch due to chicken pox.
5. Take 100 gm of carrots and 60 gm of fresh coriander. Cut them into small pieces and boiled for a while. The residue should be discarded. This soup should be taken once a day for treating chicken pox.

source

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Chicken Pox may caused by at least two factors:

1. Contact irritation,
2. Local skin infection due to overgrowth of various bacteria.

Chickenpox is mainly caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It is also known as human herpes virus 3. Causes of chickenpox usually not apparent but may be associated with hunger, swallowed air, overfeeding, and foods with high carbohydrate content.

Other Causes of chickenpox, may include:

• You may have a Sensitive skin.
• You may have used a Strong soap or taken a long bubble bath.
• Long Illnesses.
• Changes in diet such as weaning or changing from breast milk to formula.

courtesy

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The symptoms of laghu masurika (chickenpox) begin to appear one or two days after the entry of the varicella zoster virus in the body of the person. The sequence of symptoms is as follows:-

(i) The initial symptom is that of a common cold. The person will have a runny or a stuffy nose. There will be a burning sensation in the eyes and they will water and become red.

(ii) Two or three days after the onset of the common cold, a rash appears on the skin. This rash may begin on the face, but will continue to cover the chest, back, arms and legs.

(iii) The initial rash is pinkish, but the color deepens in a day or two. Blisters develop on the rash, which are pimply bumps filled with a fluid.

(iv) In another day or two, the fluid in the blisters becomes cloudy and it begins to flow out. The blisters begin to crust.

(v) The initial blisters disappear in a couple of days, but new spots appear. Hence, the blisters appear in cycles.

(vi) This cyclic formation of blisters may continue for up to two weeks, though in some cases it may stop on the third day itself.

(vii) When the chickenpox is subsiding, the blisters develop into scabs and dry off. The passing away of the blisters might be accompanied with stomachache and mild fever.

source

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Chickenpox is a highly contagious illness caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a type of herpes virus. It is often a mild illness, characterized by an itchy rash on the face, scalp and trunk with pink spots and tiny fluid-filled blisters that dry and become scabs four to five days later. Serious complications, although rare, can occur mainly in infants, adolescents, adults and persons with a weakened immune system. These complications include bacterial infections of skin blisters, pneumonia, and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). In temperate climates, such as the Northeast, chickenpox occurs most frequently in the late winter and early spring.

via

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Thirteen swine flu deaths, 10 in Maharashtra alone, were reported on Thursday in the country, taking the total toll to 329, health authorities said in New Delhi.

Also, a record 142 fresh cases were reported in the country, taking the number of people affected with the flu to 10,375.

While three deaths were reported from Maharashtra, that tops the chart of recording the maximum deaths in the country Thursday, seven deaths that had occurred earlier were found to be due to the contagious virus, health authorities said. The seven deaths in the state were reported between Sep 26 to 29.

“The laboratory confirmation came Thursday, which showed that all these deaths were because of the flu,” an official said.

With these ten deaths, the toll in the state has gone up to 130 - the highest in the country.

In Andhra Pradesh, two people died due to the flu, taking the total toll in the southern state to 36. The two people had died Wednesday, but laboratory confirmation came on Thursday.

One death was also reported in the Indian capital. With this, the toll in the state state has gone up to 14.

Three suspected deaths were also reported from Gujarat, but officials said they are awaiting the laboratory reports for confirmation.

“Till date, samples from 43,421 people have been tested for Influenza A (H1N1) in government laboratories and a few private laboratories across the country and 10,375 of them have been found positive,” a statement issued here said.

The national capital reported the maximum fresh cases Thursday. A total of 39 people were tested positive for the flu in Delhi, followed by Maharashtra where 35 people were detected with the virus.

The other states were - Tamil Nadu (18), Karnataka (12), Haryana (12), Andhra Pradesh (10), Kerala (9), Uttar Pradesh (6) and Gujarat (1).

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Swine Flu

The number of people to die of swine flu in India has crossed 100, health officials say.

The new deaths have been reported from the states of Karnataka, Chhattisgarh and the worst-hit Maharashtra state.

Deaths have now been reported in at least eight Indian cities, with the death toll highest in the city of Pune.

There are nearly 4,000 cases of the H1N1 virus in India. Some schools have closed temporarily because of the outbreak of the disease.

Reports say some 15 patients are undergoing treatment for the flu in various hospitals in Pune, where 31 people have died of the infection.

Maharashtra state has recorded the highest number of deaths (48) followed by Tamil Nadu (15) and capital Delhi (12), the reports say.

Last month, colleges and cinemas in Mumbai were temporarily closed because of fears about the spread of flu.

The virus is thought to have killed more than 1,700 people around the world.

On Monday, Bangladesh reported its first fatality.

The swine flu (H1N1) virus first emerged in Mexico in April and has since spread to many countries.

Many of India’s confirmed cases of swine flu have been among people who have returned from overseas travel.

Passenger screening has been introduced across India’s main 22 international airports.

Source / courtesy: BBC

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Outbreaks in humans are now occurring from human-to-human transmission. When infected people cough or sneeze, infected droplets get on their hands, drop onto surfaces, or are dispersed into the air. Another person can breathe in contaminated air, or touch infected hands or surfaces, and be exposed.

Source: Ministry of Health

Image: A mother puts on a surgical mask for her daughter as they arrive for a H1N1 flu screening at Ram Manohar Lohia hospital in New Delhi Photographs: Fayaz Kabli/Reuters

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