Dengue Fever is an infectious disease which is characterized by severe pains in the eyes, head, and extremities. It is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito. It is transmitted to humans by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which feeds during the day. Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever are acute febrile diseases, found in the tropics and Africa, and caused by four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus.

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Amblyopia is also known as lazy eye. It is a disorder of the visual system that is characterized by poor or indistinct vision in an eye. The problem is caused by either no transmission or poor transmission of the visual image to the brain for a sustained period of dysfunction or during early childhood. It is otherwise physically normal, out of proportion to associated structural abnormalities. It has been estimated to affect 1–5% of the population.Detecting the condition in early childhood increases the chance of successful treatment. Amblyopia normally only affects one eye.”Lazy eye” is frequently used to refer to amblyopia because there is no “laziness” of either the eye or the amblyope involved in the condition.

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The sense of smell should return after a condition like a cold or the flu ends. Decongestants such as Sudafed help reduce congestion related to colds, allergies, and sinus conditions.Saline sprays can be used to clean the interior of the nose.If smoking causes anosmia, a person should quit smoking.The sense of smell may return after treatment of allergic or bacterial rhinitis and sinusitis. An over-the-counter antihistamine such as Actifed may provide relief.If allergies cause anosmia, adjustments should be made to avoid allergens. If dust causes allergies, care should be taken to clean areas such as the bedroom.Antibiotics may be prescribed for infections.
Other medications prescribed for smelling disorders include steroids such as Prednisone. It should only be used for a short time since longterm use could lessen resistance to infection.
 
Surgical Treatment
 
Removal of nasal polyps and benign tumors may cause the sense of smell to return. Polyp removal is an uncomplicated surgery. Generally, only a local anesthetic is needed.

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Anosmia is the loss of ability to smell. It can be either temporary or permanent depending on the cause. Temporary anosmia is common with colds, sinus infections (sinusitis) and nasal allergies. Other potential causes of anosmia include:

• Enlarged adenoids
• Nasal polyps
• Exposure to tobacco smoke
• A side effect of medication
• Trauma to the face and nasal structures
• Tumors, such as neuroblastomas, meningiomas, frontal globe gliomas and pituitary gland tumors.

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The disease usually begins in late childhood with increasing night blindness due to degeneration of the retina (retinitis pigmentosa) and loss of the sense of smell (anosmia). If the disease progresses, other symptoms may include deafness, problems with balance and coordination (ataxia), weakness or numbness (peripheral neuropathy), dry and scaly skin (ichthyosis), and heartbeat abnormalities (cardiac arrhythmias). With the loss of sense of smell there can also be a loss of taste. Distortion of function-foods or odors that normally are pleasant may taste or smell odd or distorted, perhaps with an unpleasant smell. Some individuals will have shortened bones in their fingers or toes, or a visibly shortened fourth toe.  Although the disease usually appears in early childhood, some people will not develop symptoms until their 40s or 50s.

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Anosmia is the loss and disturbance of the sense of smell and is intended as a resource for sufferers from olfactory disorders.Distortions to olfactory sensation can therefore cause great disturbance to our lives. There is a loss of quality of life and it can bring anxiety and loss of appetite. It can lead to depression.Other Olfactory disorders can be summed up as below:-

ANOSMIA:a complete loss of smell
HYPOSMIA:partial loss of smell
HYPEROSMIA:enhanced smell sensitivity
DYSOSMIA:distortion in odour perception (includes parosmia & phantosmia)
PAROSMIA:distortion of perception of external stimulus
PHANTOSMIA:smell perception with no external stimulus

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A new study by Japanese scientists shows that cells from menstrual blood may be useful in repairing heart damage.

Researchers obtained menstrual blood from nine women and focused their study on a kind of cell that can act like stem cells.

About 20 percent of these cells began beating spontaneously about three days after being put together in vitro with cells from the hearts of rats, the study says. The cells later formed sheet-like heart muscle tissue.

The success rate is 100 times higher than the 0.2 to 0.3 percent for stem cells taken from human bone marrow, researcher Shunichiro Miyoshi, a cardiologist at Keio University’s school of medicine, told French news agency AFP.

Experiments showed that rats who had suffered heart attacks improved after they received the menstrual blood cells, according to the study, which appeared in the medical journal Stem Cell.

Source : FOXNews

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Doctors have not found out any cure for the disease.They sometimes prescribe drugs to improve symptoms that often accompany Alzheimer’s disease.The treatment available can be classified as below:-
 
Cholinesterase inhibitors : This group of medications — which includes donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon) and galantamine (Reminyl) — works by improving the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain.Donepezil also appears to delay the onset of Alzheimer’s for about a year in people who have mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cholinesterase inhibitors work out in some cases. As many as half the people who take these drugs show no improvement. Other people may choose to stop taking the drugs because of the side effects, which include diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.
 
Memantine (Namenda) : The first drug approved to treat moderate to severe stages of Alzheimer’s, memantine (Namenda), protects brain cells from damage caused by the chemical messenger glutamate. It sometimes is used in combination with a cholinesterase inhibitor. Memantine’s most common side effect is dizziness, although it also appears to increase agitation and delusional behavior in some people.

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The most commonly known symptom of Alzheimer’s disease is confusion. This behaviour in particular causes us to become ‘estranged’ from others and to be unpredictable in our interactions. Confusion can also occur ‘acutly’ i.e. suddenly and limited in time. The common symptoms that are seen in pateints are forgetfulness, misplacing things, difficulty in remembering names etc.People with Alzheimer suffer mainly from impaired memory and orientation, limitations of concentration, planning and judgement, personality changes and later also perceptual, speech and walking disorders; in the final stage, various other body functions such as swallowing and the excretion process are also affected. During the course of Alzheimer’s disease, patients lose their independence in managing everyday life. There are effects on perception and social relationships; people become more and more dependent on care.

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Causes The cause of Dementia is still unknown. There probably is not one single cause, but several factors that affect each person differently. The number of people with the disease doubles every 5 years beyond age 65.Family history is another risk factor. The more common form of Demantia is known as late-onset. It occurs later in life, and no obvious inheritance pattern is seen in most families. However, several risk factor genes may interact with each other and with non-genetic factors to cause the disease. The only risk factor gene identified so far for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease is a gene that makes one form of a protein called apolipoprotein E (ApoE). Everyone has ApoE, which helps carry cholesterol in the blood. Only about 15 percent of people have the form that increases the risk of AD. It is likely that other genes also may increase the risk of AD or protect against AD, but they remain to be discovered.

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